They were in high spirits on Christmas Eve, when they chose to camp in a lush valley near Ephesus. As they ascended the mountains, however, the army and the king and queen were horrified to discover the unburied corpses of the Germans killed earlier. Eleanor of Aquitaine was born about 1122, the daughter and heiress of William X, duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitiers. Polly Schroyer Brooks, the author of a non-academic biography of Eleanor, suggests that the court did exist, but that it was not taken very seriously, and that acts of courtly love were just a "parlour game" made up by Eleanor and Marie in order to place some order over the young courtiers living there. Louis's long march to Jerusalem and back north, which Eleanor was forced to join, debilitated his army and disheartened her knights; the divided Crusade armies could not overcome the Muslim forces, and the royal couple had to return home. Eleanor had only two daughters by Louis VII, but to her new husband she bore five sons and three daughters. His main focus is the Wars of the Roses and Richard III, but he has also written on The Anarchy, Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Henry III. Queen Elanor's Confession, or Queen Eleanor's Confession, is Child ballad 156. Eleanor of Aquitaine also formally took up the cross symbolic of the Second Crusade during a sermon preached by Bernard of Clairvaux. Although Henry and Eleanor were, in many ways, the original European power couple, telling their story presents unique problems. Eleanor also appears briefly in the first novel of Penman's Welsh trilogy, Here Be Dragons. [4] Although her native tongue was Poitevin, she was taught to read and speak Latin, was well versed in music and literature, and schooled in riding, hawking, and hunting. She was portrayed by Lynda Bellingham in the BBC series Robin Hood. Continuing on, the army became split, with the commoners marching towards Antioch and the royalty travelling by sea. Henry II was elsewhere, attending to his own affairs after escorting Eleanor there. Two of their sons, Richard and John, would be kings of England. The French, both soldiers and pilgrims, taken by surprise, were trapped. Eleanor remained in England with her daughter for the year prior to Matilda's departure for Normandy in September. He reportedly "nimbly and bravely scaled a rock by making use of some tree roots which God had provided for his safety" and managed to survive the attack. If she is reading at all, and not still observing and listening. A Guide to Currently Running and Upcoming National Tours, Photos: Inside THE MUSIC MAN's Final Curtain Call with Hugh Jackman, Sutton Foster & Company. The king had many mistresses, but although he treated earlier liaisons discreetly, he flaunted Rosamund. Although Eleanor held no formal office in England during this period, she arrived in England in the company of Coutances in June 1191, and for the remainder of Richard's absence, she exercised a considerable degree of influence over the affairs of England as well as the conduct of Prince John. Ive asked author and historian Matthew Lewis to be a guest today. Henry and Eleanor are the main characters in James Goldman's 1966 play The Lion in Winter, which was made into a film in 1968 starring Peter O'Toole as Henry and Katharine Hepburn in the role of Eleanor, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress Motion Picture Drama. Not surprisingly, her life with Henry was stormy. For Eleanor to be convicted of these scandals in the court of public opinion for over 800 years based on such flimsy evidence is ludicrous. Eleanor of Aquitaine, also called Eleanor of Guyenne, French lonore or Alinor, dAquitaine or de Guyenne, (born c. 1122died April 1, 1204, Fontevrault, Anjou, France), queen consort of both Louis VII of France (113752) and Henry II of England (11521204) and mother of Richard I (the Lionheart) and John of England. In 1167, Eleanor's third daughter, Matilda, married Henry the Lion of Saxony. In 1199 Richard died without leaving an heir to the throne, and John was crowned king. One of his first acts as king was to send William Marshal to England with orders to release Eleanor from prison; he found upon his arrival that her custodians had already released her. Eleanor, aged 12 to 15, then became the duchess of Aquitaine, and thus the most eligible heiress in Europe. In June 1144, the king and queen visited the newly built monastic church at Saint-Denis. Nevertheless, rumours persisted, perhaps assisted by Henry's camp, that Eleanor had poisoned Rosamund. In the 2014 film Richard the Lionheart: Rebellion, Eleanor is played by Debbie Rochon. The annulment gave Eleanor back Aquitaine and Poitou, which she took with her eight weeks later to Henry, Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy, to whom, incidentally, she was just as closely related as she had been to Louis. Custody of them was awarded to King Louis. Eleanor of Aquitaine (c.1122 1 April 1204; French: Alinor d'Aquitaine, pronounced[aljen dakitn]) was Queen of France from 1137 to 1152 as the wife of King Louis VII,[1] Queen of England from 1154 to 1189 as the wife of King Henry II, and Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right from 1137 until her death in 1204. In debt and refused control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. Top 3 Results for Eleanor Henry in PA. 1. Louis, however, still burned with guilt over the massacre at Vitry and wished to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land to atone for his sins. My answer would be that understanding the end of a story (or at least the closing of a chapter) often requires knowledge of its beginning. In Penman's historical mysteries, Eleanor, as Richard's regent, sends squire Justin de Quincy on various missions, often an investigation of a situation involving Prince John. JACKSON, Miss. When most of the land army arrived, the king and queen had a dispute. Either way, when Henry succeeded to the throne of England in 1154, the effect was to give the rulers of England a domain in France stretching from the English Channel to the Pyrenees and covering ten times as much of the country as the French kings themselves possessed. Copyright 2023 History Today Ltd. Company no. Some, such as John of Salisbury and William of Tyre, say Eleanor's reputation was sullied by rumours of an affair with her uncle Raymond. Louis and later his son Philip II consistently tried to drive a wedge between Henry and his sons to disrupt the vast territories they saw as a challenge to Capetian authority. Soon afterwards, she sought an annulment of her marriage,[2] but her request was rejected by Pope Eugene III. The duke then set out for the Shrine of Saint James of Compostela in the company of other pilgrims. She married John Allison about 1708, in Maryland, British Colonial America. King Philip II of France claimed that certain properties in Normandy belonged to his half-sister Margaret, widow of the young Henry, but Henry insisted that they had once belonged to Eleanor and would revert to her upon her son's death. On 25 July 1137, Eleanor and Louis were married in the Cathedral of Saint-Andr in Bordeaux by the archbishop of Bordeaux. [9] However, until a husband was found, the king had the legal right to Eleanor's lands. When war broke out between John and Philip, Eleanor declared her support for John and set out from Fontevraud to her capital Poitiers to prevent her grandson Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, posthumous son of Eleanor's son Geoffrey and John's rival for the English throne, from taking control. She certainly left for her own city of Poitiers immediately after Christmas. Contemporary sources praise Eleanor's beauty. She was able to retire comfortably as Queen of England, with Aquitaine in the capable hands of Richard, and in doing so, take the sting out of the conflict between her husband and their sons. Louis and Eleanor stayed in the Philopation palace just outside the city walls. Henry was the obvious candidate. Eugene did not, as Eleanor had hoped, grant an annulment. She was compared with Penthesilea, mythical queen of the Amazons, by the Greek historian Nicetas Choniates. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. When Richard died without an heir, it was Eleanor who was the pivotal figure in securing Johns succession. Under both Richard and John she was active in matters of state and she died eventually in a nunnery at Fontrevault in Anjou in her early eighties in 1204, having been for much of a lifetime probably the most powerful woman in Europe. As a wedding present she gave Louis a rock crystal vase {fr}, currently on display at the Louvre. However, while camping near Nicea, the remnants of the German army, including a dazed and sick Conrad III, staggered past the French camp, bringing news of their disaster. This suspicion of responsibility did nothing for her popularity in Christendom. She immediately sent word to Henry to come promptly and marry her, and meanwhile summoned her principal vassals to renew their allegiance to her as Duchess of Aquitaine. This tragedy was too much for the elderly queen, who was fatigued and unable to continue to Normandy. The film is about the difficult relationship between them and the struggle of their three sons Richard, Geoffrey, and John for their father's favour and the succession. On 8 July 1174, Henry and Eleanor took ship for England from Barfleur. He added that she gained the epithet chrysopous (golden-foot) from the cloth of gold that decorated and fringed her robe. We have a full Biography, Photos, Theatre Credits, and more! Accordingly, Louis declared on Christmas Day 1145 at Bourges his intention of going on a crusade. A book rests on her chest, though in typically enigmatic style, we are left to guess what she may be reading. She has been misjudged by many French historians who have noted only her youthful frivolity, ignoring the tenacity, political wisdom, and energy that characterized the years of her maturity. She left for the Second Crusade from Vzelay, the rumoured location of Mary Magdalene's grave, in June 1147. As the heiress of the House of Poitiers, which controlled much of southwestern France, she was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. I particularly liked the story of him bringing a small mercenary force to England when he was fourteen to chance his arm. She was also instrumental in developing trade agreements with Constantinople and ports of trade in the Holy Lands. As such, she was away from William, who had been left behind as a figurehead, when he passed away. She was a patron of poets such as Wace, Benot de Sainte-Maure, and Bernart de Ventadorn. Find 109 people named Eleanor Henry along with free Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok profiles on PeekYou - true people search. Manage Settings Henry Twins Played Mae Mobley. A context for the female patron portrait of the, Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Life (2008 edition), "Eleanor [Eleanor of Aquitaine], suo jure duchess of Aquitaine", Eleanor of Aquitaine: The Mother Queen of the Middle Ages (2014 edition), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_of_Aquitaine&oldid=1132445528, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 22:51. Henry imprisoned her in 1173 for supporting the revolt of their eldest son, Henry the Young King, against him. Ms. S. Berry, senior archivist at the Somerset Archive and Record Service, identified this "archdeacon of Wells" as Thomas of Earley, noting his family ties to Henry II and the Earleys' philanthropies. The play premiered on Broadway in 1966 and was adapted into an Academy Award-winning movie. About four miles from Shrewsbury and close by Haughmond Abbey is "Queen Eleanor's Bower", the remains of a possible triangular timber castle which is believed to have been one of her prisons. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. CPCC Theatre will hold auditions for The Lion in Winter by James Goldman on Monday, September 13th and Tuesday September 14th from 7:00pm to 9:00pm in the Rehearsal Hall OC 300 of the Overcash/Halton building on the CPCC Central Campus. It was rumoured by some that Eleanor had had an affair with Henry's own father, Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, who had advised his son to avoid any involvement with her. [9] Even in an era when ladies of the nobility were excessively praised, their praise of her was undoubtedly sincere. In the 2019 video game expansion Civilization VI: Gathering Storm, Eleanor is a playable leader for the English and French civilizations.[43]. As such, I asked him to stop by and talk about his newest book, Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine: Founding an Empire. Her numerous children included Richard I and John, both of whom assumed the British throne. Pioneer Theatre Company presentsThe Lion in Winter, a fascinating look at two of the most iconic figures in English history. A biography of Henry II seemed like a natural sequel, and when Henry bursts onto the scene, it is impossible to ignore the woman at his side. Judy Chicago's artistic installation The Dinner Party features a place setting for Eleanor,[38] and she was portrayed by Frederick Sandys in his 1858 painting, Queen Eleanor. As Eleanor travelled to Poitiers, two lordsTheobald V, Count of Blois, and Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, brother of Henry II, Duke of Normandytried to kidnap and marry her to claim her lands. Eleanor became the heir presumptive to her father's domains. The consequences for the subsequent history of English ambitions in France were profound. It was part of the show of power, and Eleanor played her role perfectly. Her birthplace may have been Poitiers, Bordeaux, or Nieul-sur-l'Autise, where her mother and brother died when Eleanor was 6 or 8.[8]. As she matured, she became known for her tenacity and political wisdom. Stephens oldest son died, his other son expressed no desire to become king, and Stephen adopted Henry as his son and appointed him heir to England. On her way back to Aquitaine, Eleanor had been the subject to two kidnap attempts that aimed to force her into marriage. Outraged, Louis swore upon relics that so long as he lived Pierre should never enter Bourges. In 1154 he became, as Henry II, king of England, with the result that England, Normandy, and the west of France were united under his rule. Publishers Weekly. Henry and Eleanor were an extraordinary couple, who lived extraordinary lives in Eleanors case about three of them. Eleanor's year of birth is not known precisely: a late 13th-century genealogy of her family listing her as 13 years old in the spring of 1137 provides the best evidence that Eleanor was perhaps born as late as 1124. He records some twenty-one cases, the most famous of them being a problem posed to the women about whether true love can exist in marriage. This vase is the only object connected with Eleanor of Aquitaine that still survives. [10] Eleanor was extroverted, lively, intelligent, and strong-willed. Purchase Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine: Founding of an Empire at bookshop.org or bookdepository.com. It also got Henry and his men out of England quickly and without trouble. If it had created a well of goodwill, it was to help settle the disputed succession in Henrys favour. Henry lies still, his eyes closed, holding his regalia, as he probably never was in life. Eleanor of Aquitaine (1137-1152) was one of the most powerful and influential figures of the Middle Ages. As the mother to Richard the Lionheart, she helped him sure up his succession, find him a wife, manage his lands while he was on campaign, and spring into action at the age of 68 to raise and personally deliver his ransom when he was taken prisoner on the way home from the Holy Land. "[31], In March 1173, aggrieved at his lack of power and egged on by Henry's enemies, his son by the same name, the younger Henry, launched the Revolt of 11731174. Eleanor had only one other legitimate sibling, a younger sister named Aelith (also called Petronilla). All rights reserved. I wrote a book on The Anarchy the 11th century civil war between King Stephen and Empress Matilda. View Eleanor Henry results including current phone number, address, relatives, background check report, and property record with Whitepages. He and Eleanor were anointed and crowned king and queen of France on Christmas Day of the same year. In mid-July, Eleanor's ship finally reached Palermo in Sicily, where she discovered that she and her husband had both been given up for dead. The couple married on Whitsun, 18 May 1152. "On the second day in Easter week, he was slain in the city by a man-at-arms in the service of Brandin",[33] a rival mercenary captain. It was a gamble that did not pay off, and whether through military error or betrayal, the Damascus campaign was a failure. She had inherited her fathers enormous estates in her teens on his death in 1137 and her first husband, Louis VII of France, had been quite unable to stand up to her. Henry joined her in Poitiers and they were married in the cathedral on Whit Sunday in a simple ceremony with none of the pomp and splendour that might have been expected. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. In autumn 1145, Pope Eugene III requested that Louis lead a Crusade to the Middle East to rescue the Frankish states there from disaster. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Flower and Hawk is a monodrama for soprano and orchestra, written by American composer, Carlisle Floyd that premiered in 1972, in which the soprano (Eleanor of Aquitaine) relives past memories of her time as queen, and at the end of the monodrama, hears the bells that toll for Henry II's death, and in turn, her freedom. Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. On 21 March, the four archbishops, with the approval of Pope Eugene, granted an annulment on grounds of consanguinity within the fourth degree; Eleanor was Louis' third cousin once removed, and shared common ancestry with Robert II of France. Rancon, however, chose to continue on, deciding in concert with Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, Louis's uncle, that a nearby plateau would make a better campsite. The Duchy of Aquitaine was the largest and richest province of France. For good measure, accusations were added that she had engaged in an affair with Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, Henrys father, and that her lust for Henry ruined her marriage to Louis. Eleanor and Rosamund Clifford, as well as Henry IIand Rosamund's father, appear in Gaetano Donizetti's opera Rosmonda d'Inghilterra (libretto by Felice Romani), which was premiered in Florence, at the Teatro Pergola, in 1834. [26] Over the next 13 years, she bore Henry five sons and three daughters: William, Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joan. Louis and Eleanor, on separate ships due to their disagreements, were first attacked in May 1149 by Byzantine ships. Eleanor was queen consort to Louis VII (113752) of France and Henry II of England (11521204). Still without a son and in danger of being left with no male heir, as well as facing substantial opposition to Eleanor from many of his barons and her own desire for annulment, Louis bowed to the inevitable. Tenacity and political wisdom did nothing for her own city of Poitiers after! Penman 's Welsh trilogy, Here be Dragons back to Aquitaine, and Bernart de Ventadorn aged to..., Benot de Sainte-Maure, and whether through military error or betrayal, Damascus! July 1137, Eleanor and Louis were married in the Holy lands then set for. William X, duke of Aquitaine was born about 1122, the original European power,. 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